Kutheni ibhetri – Izithuthi zombane zibiza kancinci?

Isantya esicothayo sebhetri – isithuthi sombanes (Ii-bevs) ikakhulu yimpawu zokutshaja iibhetri kunye nokusikelwa umda kwezixhobo zokuhlawula. Izithintelo kwitekhnoloji yebhetri zikhokelela kwiRhafu eKhanyayo. Iibhetri zezinto eziphambili zokugcina amandla kwi-Bevs, kwaye uninzi lweebhetri ezisetyenziswa kwimarike yiLithium – Iibhetri ze-ion. Ngenxa yepropathi yomzimba ye-lithium – Iibhetri ze-ion, Isantya sabo sokutshaya sithintelwe. Ngexesha lokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, Ukuphendula kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri. Ukuba isantya sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, Inokubangela ibhetri ukuba ibe ngaphezulu, Ngale ndlela ichaphazela ixesha lokuphila kwebhetri kunye nokuzinza kwentsebenzo.

I-Bevs ayinakho ukwamkela izixhobo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ezikhawulezayo ngenxa yeempawu zebhetri kunye nokusikelwa kwemida yenethiwekhi yokutshaja. Kwisandla esinye, Isantya sokutshaja kwebhetri asinakukhawuleza; ngenye indlela, Iya kukhokelela ekuphelekeni, echaphazela ixesha lokuphila kwebhetri kunye nentsebenzo. I-lithium – Iibhetri ze-ion zixhomekeke kwintshukumo yeLithium ze-lithium ze-Inyode phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-canode ngexesha lokutshaja. Xa shaja ngereyithi ephezulu kakhulu, I-lithium i-ions isenokungakwazi ukufaka izixhobo ze-electrode ngokulinganayo. Oku kunokubangela i-phenomenon “I-Lithium ubeka,” Apho i-lithium yentsimbi kumphezulu we-anode endaweni yokuba ifakwe ngokufanelekileyo kwisakhiwo. I-Lithium yokubeka engaphumisi isikhundla sebhetri ngokuhamba kwexesha kodwa ikwabeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokhuseleko njengoko inokukhokelela kumfutshane – iisekethe ngaphakathi kwebhetri.

Kwelinye icala, ngokukhawuleza – Isixhobo sokuhlawula izixhobo zangoku zokutshaja sisekwinqanaba lophuhliso kwaye ifuna ngakumbi uphando kunye nophuculo. Phezulu – Isantya sekhawulezayo siza neendleko eziphezulu. Ukwakha kunye nokugcina izixhobo ezinjalo kwinqanaba elikhulu ngumsebenzi onzima kwaye obiza kakhulu. Umzekelo, Ukukhawuleza – Isikhululo sotshaya sikwazi ukuhambisa phezulu – Ukutshaja kwamandla kuhlala kufuna ukuphuculwa okukhulu kwiziseko zophuhliso ze-grid yendawo. Abaguquli kufuneka baphuculwe ukuthoba inani elikhulu lamandla ombane afunekayo ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokufakelwa okuphezulu – I-Casness yamandla ikwangenisa iindleko ezinkulu. Ukongeza, Ubume bezikhululo iishawari zifuna utyalomali ngononophelo kunye nokucwangciswa. Kwiindawo ezisezidolophini, Ukufumana iindawo ezifanelekileyo ngamandla amandla aneleyo kunye nokufikelela ngokulula kwizithuthi kunzima. Imigaqo yoCando, ukufunyanwa komhlaba, kunye nokhuphiswano lwepropathi ye-prime yokwenyani inokuthoba inkqubo yokuseka ngokukhawuleza – Izitishi zokubiza.

I-Bevs ifuna amaxesha amaxesha amaninzi ngokuyintloko ngenxa yesakhono sabo sebhetri enkulu kwaye sithintelwe isantya sokutshaja. Umthamo webhetri ubiza uluhlu lokuqhuba kwemoto. Ukuphucula uluhlu lwe-bevs, I-Bevs yanamhlanje ithatha phezulu – Iibhetri. Kuthelekiswa nokuncinci – Iibhetri, enkulu – Abasebenzi abathatha ixesha elide bahlawulisa. Njengokuba, i-bev nge 50 – Ibhetri kWh ibhetri ingathatha iiyure ezininzi ukubiza ngokupheleleyo ngokusebenzisa itshaja eqhelekileyo, Ngelixa imoto ene 100 – Ibhetri ye-kWh iya kuthatha phantse kabini ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokutshaja.

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo yokutshaja, Izixhobo zokutshaja nazo zibeka umda kwisantya sokutshaja ukuphepha ukugqithisa okanye eminye imiba yokhuseleko. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunokubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo. Ukuhamba ngokungakhathali akunakukonakalisa kuphela izinto zangaphakathi zebhetri kodwa kwakhona ibeka ingozi yomlilo. Ukwengeza, Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunokukhokelela kwi-phenomenon eyaziwa ngokuba yi “I-thermal ebalekayo” Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo. I-thermal ibaleka xa ubushushu obuveliswe ngaphakathi kwebhetri ngexesha lokubhala akunakuchithwa ngokufanelekileyo, kubangela umntu – Ukuphakamisa umjikelo wokukhula kobushushu obukhulayo kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuphendula kweekhemikhali. Oku kungakhokelela ekungaphumeleli ikati yebhetri.

Ngokuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kwetekhnoloji, I-Bevs yexesha elizayo kulindeleke ukuba iphumelele ngokukhawuleza isantya. Okwangoku, Abanye ngokukhawuleza – Ukuchama itekhnoloji ivele. Umzekelo, I-Tessala's SuperCrarger inokubonelela ngemoto enkulu ukuya emotweni ngexesha elifutshane. Ezi zigqwetha zenzelwe ukuba zisebenze kwinqanaba lamandla aphezulu, Yenza i-bevs ukuba ihlawule ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kune-charger emiselweyo. Basebenzisa ngqo – okwangoku (Dc) shaja, Yeyiphi i-windows kwimoto – I-Bhodi yeBhodi kwaye ibonelela ngokuthe ngqo amandla kwibhetri, Ukunciphisa kakhulu amaxesha okusha.

Itekhnoloji yebhetri iyaqhubeka ikhula, intsha – Iibhetri ezizukulwaneni ziya kuba nentshukumo engcono yokutshaja, Ukwenza into enokubangela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Abaphandi baphonononge ezahlukeneyo zebhetri, njengokuqinileyo – Ibhetri ye-State. Uqinile – Iibhetri zikarhulumente zisebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinileyo endaweni yolwelo okanye ijeli – Njengama-elektrolytes efumaneka kwi-lithium yesiqhelo – Iibhetri ze-ion. Oku kunokubanakho ukuvumela intshukumo ye-ion ekhawulezayo, ekhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu etshaja. Ukongeza, uqinile – Iibhetri zikaRhulumente kulindeleke ukuba zibe nobuninzi bamandla obuphezulu, Oko kuthetha ukuba banokugcina amandla ngakumbi kwiphakheji encinci neyisibhakabhaka.

Nangona kunjalo, ukufezekisa ngokukhawuleza isantya sokutshaja, Kuyimfuneko ukuqhubeka nokuphucula izixhobo zokuhlawula kunye netekhnoloji. Oku kubandakanya ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokuguqula amandla afanelekileyo, ukuphucula amandla obushushu bezakhono zesixhobo sokutshaja, kunye nokuphucula unxibelelwano kunye neenkqubo zolawulo phakathi kwezixhobo zokubiza kunye nesithuthi. Ngaphezu koko, Ukwakha izikhululo zokuhlawula iishawari kubalulekile ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yexesha elizayo yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Kwilixa elizayo, Singabona uthungelwano olubanzi lwezikhululo zetshaja, hayi kuphela kwiindawo ezisezidolophini kodwa nakwiindlela ezinkulu, iindawo zokuphumla, kunye nezinye iindawo zeqhinga. Oku kuyakwenza ukuba kube lula ukuba ngabanini be-bev ukuba babize izithuthi zabo ubude – ukuhamba umgama okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla.

Ukujongana nengxaki ehamba kancinci ye-bevs, Le miba ilandelayo inokuqwalaselwa:

Uphando oluqhubekayo kunye neenzame zophuhliso kufuneka zigxile ekufezekiseni amandla okutshaja okuphezulu kunye nezantya. Oku kubandakanya ukuphonononga izixhobo ezitsha kunye nokuyila kwezixhobo zokubiza. Umzekelo, Uphuhliso oluphezulu – Iqondo lokushisa linokuguqula inkqubo yokutshaja. I-Superconders inokuqhuba umbane nge-Iro, Oko kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane angadluliselwa ngaphandle kwelahleko enkulu. Nangona izicelo ezenziwayo eziphezulu – Iqondo lokushisa i-SuperCondicy kwizixhobo zokutshaja lisekwinqanaba lovavanyo, Babambe isithembiso esikhulu ngokunciphisa amaxesha atshayo.

Ubukrelekrele kunye nokunxibelelana kwezixhobo zokuhlawula kunokuphucula kakhulu ukubiza ukusebenza kunye namava abasebenzisi. Iinkqubo zokutshaja ze-Smart zinokunxibelelana nenkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri yemoto yokwandisa inkqubo yokutshaja. Njengokuba, Banokuhlengahlengisa inqanaba lokutshaja ngokusekwe kwimeko yebhetri, ubushushu, kunye neemfuno zamandla emoto. Ukongeza, Isixhobo sokunxibelelana sokunxibelelana sivumela ukubeka esweni kude nolawulo. Abanini zithuthi banokubeka esweni inqanaba lezikhululo zetyala enyanisweni – ixesha, fumana kunye nokufumanisa iimpazamo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ulawule ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kunokwenza izinto ezifana neenkqubo zokugcina, Apho abasebenzisi banokubhukisha i-slot ye-shat kwangaphambili, Ukunciphisa amaxesha okulinda.

Ukwandiswa kwenani kunye nokusasazwa kwezikhululo zokuhlawula kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokutshaja ezikhulayo zeBevs. Kwiindawo ezisezidolophini, Izikhululo zokuhlawula zinokufakwa kwindawo yokupaka, Iindawo zokuthenga, Izakhiwo zeOfisi, kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye neendlela eziphezulu, Iindawo zokuphumla kunye nezikhululo zenkonzo zinokuxhotyiswa ngamaziko otshaya. Oorhulumente banokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zokuhlawula ngemigaqo-nkqubo njengenkxaso mali, inkuthazo yerhafu, kunye nemigaqo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Umzekelo, Ezinye izixeko zibonelela ngenkxaso mali kubanini beepropathi abafaka izitishi zokutshaja kwiindawo zabo zokupaka, ekhuthaza utyalomali lwabucala lwabucala kwiziseko zophuhliso.

Ukukhuthaza ngokukhawuleza – IMigangatho yeCsobeng ibalulekile ekwandiseni intsebenzo yezixhobo zokubiza. Okwangoku, Kukho imigangatho emininzi yokutshaja ngokusetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela, njengenkqubo yokudibanisa (Ccs) eYurophu, Umgangatho we-chademo eJapan, kunye nomgangatho wamaMelika waseMelika (I-NACS). Ukubekwa emgangathweni kunokuqinisekisa ukuba abanini be-bev banokubiza izithuthi zabo nakwesiphi na isikhululo sotshaya, Nokuba yeyiphi na i-raby yemoto okanye umvelisi wesixhobo sokutshaya. Oku akuphuculi lula kubasebenzisi kodwa kukhusela ukhuphiswano olusempilweni kwimakethi yokutshaya izixhobo, ekhokelela ebhetele – Iimveliso ezisemgangathweni kunye neenkonzo.

Uphando olunzulu kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yebhetri inokuphucula ukuxinana kwamandla kwibhetri kunye nesantya sokutshaja, Ukuqhubela phambili ukhuphiswano kunye nokwamkelwa kwentengiso ye-Bevs. Ukongeza ukukhangela i-scheristries entsha yebhetri ngathi iqinile – Ibhetri ye-State, Abaphandi basebenza ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwe-lithium ekhoyo – Iibhetri ze-ion. Oku kubandakanya ukukhulisa izixhobo ezintsha ze-electrode, Yenza uyilo lwe-bhebhile yebhetri, kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri. Umzekelo, Ezinye izinto ezintsha ze-electrode zinokuvumela i-lithium ekhawulezayo – i-ion, enokuthi ikhulise isantya sokutshaja.

Oorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela banokudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusombululeni ingxaki ecothayo ye-Bevs. Banokwabela imali yophando kunye neeprojekthi zophuhliso ezinxulumene netekhnoloji yebhetri kunye nezixhobo zokubiza. Umzekelo, Kwamanye amazwe, Urhulumente uxhasa amaziko ophando kunye neeyunivesithi ukuqhuba uphando kwi-chemisties entsha yebhetri kunye netekhnoloji yokuhlawula. Ezi nzame zophando zingakhokelela ekuphuculeni izithuthi zokuphucula izantya zokuhlawula kunye nokusebenza kwebhetri.

Ngaphezu koko, Oorhulumente banokuzisa imigaqo-nkqubo ukukhuthaza ukufakelwa kwezikhululo zetyala. Banokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali ekutshabalalise ukubambisa izithuthi, Irhafu ethile yerhafu yokuhlawula iziseko zophuhliso, okanye unike imigaqo-nkqubo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Kweminye imimandla, Urhulumente useka imali ekhethekileyo yokuxhasa ukwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza – Izitishi zokushasa kwiipaseji zezothutho eziphambili, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ixesha elide – Ukuhamba umgama wabanini be-bev.

Isantya sokutshaya esicothayo se-bevs sinefuthe elibonakalayo kwintengiso yabo yokwamkelwa. Kubathengi abaninzi abanokubakho, Ixesha elinde lokutshaja liyinto enkulu kakhulu. Kuluntu apho ixesha lixabisekile, Isidingo sokulinda iiyure ezininzi ngemoto ukuba ihlawule inokuba sisivumelwano – umphunga, ngakumbi abo banobomi obuxakekileyo okanye ixesha elide – Ukuhamba umgama. Oku kunganciphise ukukhula kwemarike ye-bev kwezinye iindawo, Njengoko abathengi banokukhetha ii-Injini zeNdalo zangaphakathi zokudibana ezingena ezinzuzo ezinokubakho kwimizuzu yemizuzu.

Nangona kunjalo, Njengoko iziseko zophuhliso ziphucule kunye namaxesha okusha kancinci kancinci, Imbono ye-Bevs iyatshintsha. Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo – Ukunyanzelisa itekhnoloji kunye nokwandiswa kweenethiwekhi zokubiza kwenziwa ii-bevs ngakumbi kuluhlu olubanzi lwabathengi. Ukongeza, Ukwazisa ukwandisa ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye neendleko – Ukusebenza kwe-Bevs ekuhambeni kwexesha kuqhuba nokuthathwa kwe-Bevs ngaphandle kwesantya sokutshaja.

I-Economics yokukhawuleza – Iziseko zoncedo zinzima. Utyalomali lokuqala lokwakha ngokukhawuleza – Izitishi zokubiza, kubandakanya nendleko yezixhobo, Ukuphuculwa kwegridi, kunye nokufunyanwa komhlaba, ngumqobo obalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengenani le-bevs kwindlela yokunyuka kwendlela, Izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezikhululo zetyala nazo ziyaphakama. Oku kunokukhokelela kuqoqosho lwesikali, ukunciphisa indleko zomndilili ngokweseshoni ye-eshari.

Ukutshaja izikhululo zooso kunokuvelisa ingeniso ngemirhumo yokutshaja, intengiso, kunye nobambiswano namanye amashishini. Umzekelo, Ezinye izikhululo zokuhlawula zikufuphi ne-cafes okanye iivenkile, kwaye abaqhubi banokusebenzisana nala mashishini ukuba benze iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo kubathengi ngelixa belinde izithuthi zabo ukuba bahlawulise. Ukwengeza, Ngophuhliso lwesithuthi – ukuya – igridi (V2g) Itekhnoloji, Izikhululo zokuhlawula zinokuba nakho ukufumana ingeniso ngokuthengisa umbane kwigridi ngexesha le-Peak – ixesha lemfuno usebenzisa iibhetri ze-Bevs ezipakiweyo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwe-Bev Charting I-Speids iyahluka kwihlabathi liphela. Kwamanye amazwe ngetekhnoloji ephambili kunye nenkxaso yomeleleyo kurhulumente, ezinje ngeNorway, inetherlands, nasezantsi korea, Inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo yenziwe ekuphuculeni iziseko zophuhliso kunye nokukhuthaza ngokukhawuleza – shaja itekhnoloji. La mazwe anexinzelelo oluphezulu lwezikhululo zokuhlawula, kubandakanya ngokukhawuleza – Izitishi zokubiza, kwaye ziphambili zophando kunye nophuhliso kwitekhnoloji yebhetri.

Okuchasene, Kumazwe asaphuhlayo, Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo zokuhlawula ze-bev kuyacotha. IZIXHOBO ZOKUGQIBELA, I-Grids engathandekiyo, kwaye ukunqongophala kwengcali yezobuchwephesha kweminye yemiceli mngeni. Nangona kunjalo, Ngokukhulisa ukugxila kwehlabathi kuhambo oluzinzileyo, Amazwe amaninzi asaphuhlayo aqala ukutyala imali kwiziseko ze-bev, Rhoqo ngenkxaso yemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kwaye yaphuhliswa – amaqabane elizwe.

Ukujonga kwikamva, Kunokubakho utshintsho olwenzeka kwi-bev sharing. Itekhnoloji yokutshaja engenantambo yindawo yophando olusebenzayo. Ukutshaya okungasebenziyo, Kwabizwa ngokuba yi-sharive, ivumela izithuthi ukuba zihlawule ngaphandle kwemfuno ye-carbs yomzimba. Itekhnoloji ye-elektromagnetic yokutshintsha amandla phakathi kwepad yokutshaja emhlabeni kunye nomamkeli emotweni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha – ikota, Inokubonelela ngamava afanelekileyo angenamthungo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinje ngokupaka okukhulu kunye nokuqhuba – ngokusebenzisa izikhululo zokuhlawula.

Olunye uphuhliso olunokubakho kukudityaniswa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyiweyo kunye nezikhululo zetyala. Ilanga – Izikhululo zokuhlawula, umzekelo, inokusebenzisa iiphaneli zesolar ukuvelisa umbane wokutshaja ii-Bevs. Oku akususi nje ukuxhomekeka kwigridi yamandla emveni kodwa kukwenza inkqubo yokutshaja ngakumbi. Ukwengeza, umoya – Izikhululo zokuhlawula iinkampani zinokufakwa kwiindawo ezinezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zomoya, uqhubeke uphinda-phinda imithombo yamandla ye-bev sharing.

Ukuququmbela, Ingxaki yokutshaja kancinci ye-Bevs ngumcimbi ontsonkothileyo ofuna iinzame ezidibeneyo zikarhulumente, ishishini, kunye namaziko ophando. Ngobugcisa obuqhubekayo, Uphuhliso lwezibonelelo, kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni, Isantya sokutshaja se-Bevs siya kunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe, eza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukwamkelwa kwabantwana abaxhaphazelwe ii-Bevs kunye notshintsho kwikamva elizinzileyo lezothutho.