Ngaba izithuthi ezicocekileyo zombane zineenjini?

Kumhlaba owaziwayo wanamhlanje, umxholo we imoto ecocekileyo yombaneukufunyanwa ngokuzinzileyo. Ezi moto, ezixhotyiswe ngokupheleleyo ngumbane, imele ukuba ihambile i-injini yendabuko yemveli – izithuthi ezixhotyisiweyo. Enye yemibuzo esisiseko ehlala ivela malunga imoto ecocekileyo yombaneNgaba inazo iinjini. Impendulo ayikho. Inkqubo yamandla ye imoto ecocekileyo yombanes iqulathe izinto ezahlukeneyo, I-packs yebhetri, i-Motors, abalawuli, kunye nokuhanjiswa (Ngamanye amaxesha), Ngaphandle kobukho beenjini zangaphakathi zokudibana. Masibe senze nzulu kwimiba eyahlukeneyo ye imoto ecocekileyo yombanes kwimibuzo ethile eqhelekileyo.

Imoto ecocekileyo yombaneswelisa amandla abo okuqhuba ngenkqubo eyahlukileyo kwizithuthi ze-injini yangaphakathi. Amandla ombane agcinwe ngaphakathi kweepakethi zebhetri, osebenza njengendawo yokugcina amandla emoto. Ezi ntelekeni zebhetri zihlala zenziwe ngeeseli ezininzi, I-tiyid nganye yokugcina inani elithile lentlawulo yombane.

Iimotor kwi imoto ecocekileyo yombaneDlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni la mandla ombane agciniweyo abe ngamandla omatshini. I-Wortors isebenza ngokusekwe kwimithetho-siseko ye-electromagnetism. Xa umbane wangoku udluliselwe kwimimoya yemoto, Intsimi yenziwa. Lo mhlaba wemagneti unxibelelana namanye amabala e-magnetic ngaphakathi kwimoto, kubangela i-rotor (Inxalenye ejikelezayo yemoto) ukujika. Isindululo esijikelezayo sidluliselwe kwiivili zemoto, Emva koko ukuvelisa amandla okuqhuba.

Inkqubo yokuguqula kwimoto isebenza kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo neenjini zangaphakathi zokudibana, elahlekelwa yinani lamandla aphezulu ngendlela yobushushu ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwamandla emichiza (ukusuka kwi-ipetroli) kumandla oomatshini, I-Motors zombane zinokuguqula inani elikhulu lamandla ombane afumana umsebenzi ofanelekileyo woomatshini. Oku kusebenza kwenye yezizathu zokuba imoto ecocekileyo yombaneIthathwa njengenamandla – xa kuthelekiswa nezolo zawo zemveli.

Ngaphezu koko, Ukusebenza kwemoto kungalawulwa ngokuchanekileyo. Izithuthi zombane zanamhlanje zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zolawulo ezinobunkunkqele ezinokuthi zihlengahlengise inani lombane onikezelwe kwimoto, Emva koko kuyahluka kwesantya kunye nemveliso yetota. Oku kuvumela ukukhawulezisa ukukhawuleza kunye nenkohliso, kunye nokukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wemoto ngokwemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuba, njengokukhwela iinduli okanye inqanawa kwindlela ephezulu.

Esona sibonelelo sibalulekileyo se imoto ecocekileyo yombaneS kukulunga kwabo okusingqongileyo ngokwemigangatho. Kuba akukho injini yokudibana yangaphakathi evuthayo i-fossil fuels, imoto ecocekileyo yombanes musa ukuvelisa ukukhutshwa okungapheliyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abakhululi iingcongconi ezinje nge-carbon monoxide, I-Nitrogen Oxide, okanye thabatha inxaxheba kwimozulu. Kwixesha apho umgangatho womoya kunye nokukhusela isisingqongileyo kubaluleke kakhulu, Le yero – Iimpawu zokukhupha zenza umdlali wombane ongumdlali ophambili ekunciphiseni ifuthe lendalo esingqongileyo kwicandelo lezothutho.

Iimotor ezisetyenziswa kwizithuthi zombane zivelisa ingxolo engaphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zangaphakathi zokudibana. Ukusebenza kwe-injini yokudibana yangaphakathi kubandakanya uthotho lweenkqubo ezinengxolo, kubandakanya ukuqhushumba kwepetroli – Umxube womoya, intshukumo yeepistons, kunye nokujikeleza kweenxalenye ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini. Okuchasene, I-cotors zombane zisebenza nge-humter egudileyo. Oku akunikeli nje amava amnandi okuqhuba kwabahlali besithuthi kodwa unegalelo ekunciphiseni ukungcoliseka kwengxolo kwiindawo ezisezidolophini nakwezinye iindawo ezisebenza.

Imoto ecocekileyo yombaneI-Sups ineendleko eziphantsi zolondolozo. Iinjini zangaphakathi zokudibanisa zoomatshini abanzima ezinamalungu amaninzi ahambayo anokunxiba kunye nokukrazula. La macandelo abandakanya iipistons, ivali, ICamshafts, kunye ne-cranksshafts, phakathi kwabanye. Ukulungiswa rhoqo kwezi zinto, ezinje ngotshintsho lweoyile, Ukutshintshwa kwecebo lokucoca, kunye ne-injini ye-injini – IUPS, Ingaxabisa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Okuchasene, Izithuthi zombane zinamacandelo ambalwa kwiinkqubo zazo zamandla. Ukungabikho kwe-injini kunye nezinto zayo ezinxulumene nazo zithetha ukuba kukho iindawo ezimbalwa ezinokuqhekeza okanye zifuna ulondolozo rhoqo. Ukongeza, Imali yombane ithembekile kwaye ine-wospan ende xa ithelekiswa neenjini zangaphakathi zokudibana. Ngelixa izithuthi zombane zifuna ulondolozo, njengokubekwa kweliso kwibhetri kunye namaxesha athile (nangona incinci kakhulu kunokuba ezinye zinokucinga), Iimfuno zolondolozo zizonke ziphantsi kakhulu, kukhokelela kwizinto zokugcina iindleko kubanini bezithuthi.

Uluhlu lwe imoto ecocekileyo yombaneS yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ebingumxholo wophando nophuhliso oluninzi. Uluhlu luxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, Ngomthamo kunye namandla eepakethi zebhetri eziziintloko eziphambili.

Umthamo webhetri ulinganiswa kwi-kilowatt – iiyure (kWh) kwaye imele inani lamandla ombane agcina ibhetri. Ngaphezulu – Ibhetri yezakhono inokugcina amandla amaninzi kwaye, ke ngoko, inokubandakanya uluhlu olude. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi komthamo webhetri kunye noluhlu aluhlali ngqo, njengezinye izinto ezinje ngesisindo semoto, I-Aerodynamics, kwaye isitayile sokuqhuba sidlala indima.

Amandla, kwelinye icala, ichaphazela indlela anokusetyenziswa ngayo amandla ebhetri yokuqhuba imoto. Imoto enamandla ngakumbi inokuba nakho ukuguqula amandla ombane kuba ngamandla omatshini ngempumelelo, Kodwa inokusebenzisa amandla angaphezulu kumgangatho okhawulezayo, Kuxhomekeka ekubeni isetyenziswa njani.

Okwangoku, Uluhlu lwe imoto ecocekileyo yombanes kwintengiso iyahluka ngokubanzi. Kwisiphelo esisezantsi, ukungena okuthile – Inqanaba okanye iimodeli ezindala zinokuba noluhlu lwecala 200 Iikhilomitha. Ezi moto zihlala zilungele mfutshane – Ukuhamba umgama okanye uhambo lwasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, ngenkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yebhetri, Izithuthi ezininzi zombane zanamhlanje zingafikelela kuluhlu lwe 400 – 600 Iikhilomitha okanye ngaphezulu. Ezinye eziphakamileyo – ukuphela okanye ixesha elide – Iimodeli zodidi zinokufikelela kwi 800 Iikhilomitha kwintlawulo enye.

Itekhnoloji yebhetri iyaqhubeka ukuqhubela phambili, Singalindela ukuba uluhlu lwe imoto ecocekileyo yombanes ukuqhubeka uyanda. Iinzame zophando zigxile ekuphuhliseni iibhetri ngoxinzelelo lwamandla aphezulu, ezinokuthi zivumele ukugcinwa kwamandla ngakumbi kwiphakheji encinci neyokukhanya. Oku akuyi kunyusa kuphela uluhlu kodwa kukuphucula intsebenzo kunye nokusebenza kwezithuthi zombane.

Ixesha lokutshaja imoto ecocekileyo yombanes sisihloko somdla omkhulu kunye nenkxalabo kubathengi abanokubakho. Ixesha lokutshaja lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ikakhulu amandla eepiles ezitshaja kunye neepakethi zebhetri.

Ekhaya – Sebenzisa iiplanga zokubiza ngokuqhelekileyo zinemveliso ephantsi yokuthelekisa ngokuthelekiswa noluntu ngokukhawuleza – Izitishi zokubiza. Nekhaya – Sebenzisa imfumba ebiza, ehlala yenzelwe ukutshaja kobusuku, Ingathatha ngokubanzi 6 ukuya 8 iiyure zokuhlawula ngokupheleleyo iipakethi zebhetri. Oku kucotha – Indlela yokuhlawula ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla xa imoto ipakishwe ekhaya ixesha elide, Ngobusuku obunje.

Ngokukhawuleza – Izitishi zokubiza, Ixesha lokutshaja lifutshane kakhulu. Ezi zikhululo zixhotywe phezulu – Iitshakazi zamandla ezinokuhambisa isixa esikhulu samandla ombane kwibhetri yemoto ngexesha elifutshane. Kuxhomekeka kubungakanani bebhetri yemoto kunye namandla okukhawuleza – isiskhululo sokugcwalisa, Ingathatha malunga 30 imizuzu ukuya 1 iyure ukubiza ibhetri kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo, Ukuvumela inani elifanelekileyo lokuqhuba.

Nangona kunjalo, Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ngokukhawuleza – Ukutshaja kunokubanazo iziphoso ezinokubakho. Umzekelo, inokubeka uxinzelelo ngakumbi kwibhetri, enokubangela ukuba ichaphazele ibhetri – Impilo yexeshana kunye ne-LifepanPan. Ukongeza, Ayizizo zonke izithuthi zombane ezihambelana nazo zonke ngokukhawuleza – Imigangatho yokuhlawula, Ke ibalulekile kubanini bezithuthi ukuba bazi malunga neziseko zophuhliso kunye nokuhambelana kwindawo yazo.

Njengoko imfuno yezithuthi zombane ikhula, Ukuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji yokutshaja kukukhawulezisa. Iindlela ezintsha zokutshaja kwaye ziphezulu – I-chargers yamandla iyaphuhliswa ukuze iqhube ixesha lokutshaja ngelixa inciphisa ifuthe kwimpilo yebhetri.

Ixabiso le imoto ecocekileyo yombaneNgaba kukho into ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni izinga lokwamkelwa komntwana wabo. Okwangoku, imoto ecocekileyo yombaneIindleko ngokubanzi zibiza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthi zemveli. Eli xabiso liphezulu lichazwe kwindleko eziphezulu zeepakethi zebhetri.

Itekhnoloji yebhetri isasebenza, kunye nemveliso ephezulu – Iibhetri esemgangathweni enethamsane eyaneleyo kunye nentsebenzo ifuna iinkqubo zemveliso ezenziweyo kunye nezixhobo ezibizayo. Ezi ndleko zidluliselwa kumthengi, kukhokelela kwixabiso eliphezulu lemoto.

Nangona kunjalo, Izinto ezininzi zinegalelo ekwehlisweni kancinci kwexabiso le imoto ecocekileyo yombanes. Njengoko imakethi yentengiso yombane iyaqhubeka nokukhula kwaye ivuthiwe, Uqoqosho lwenqanaba liza kudlala. Abavelisi abangaphezulu bavelisa izithuthi zombane kunye nomthamo wemveliso yebhetri, Indleko zeyunithi nganye kulindeleke ukuba ihla.

Ngaphezulu, Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yebhetri ikhokelela kwiindleko ezingaphezulu – Izisombululo zebhetri ezifanelekileyo. I-chemisties entsha ye-chemistiries kunye neendlela zemveliso ziyaphuhliswa ezinokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso yebhetri ngaphandle kokuncama ukusebenza.

Ukongeza kule ntengiso – Izinto eziqhutywa, Inkxaso-mali kaRhulumente kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokhetho ikwadlala indima ekukhuthazeni ukufuduswa kwezithuthi zombane. Oorhulumente abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela banika inkuthazo enjengokuthenga, Ikhefu lerhafu, okanye intlawulo encitshisiweyo yobhaliso kwizithuthi zombane. La manyathelo anceda ekupheliseni iindleko zokuqala zokuqala aze enze izithuthi zombane ezifikelelekayo kubathengi.

Ukuququmbela, imoto ecocekileyo yombanes ziyavela njengenxalenye ephambili yekamva lezothutho. Ukunqongophala kwabo iinjini kuhlawulwa yinkqubo yamandla enziwe ngononophelo enika izibonelelo ezizodwa. Ngekhrissi ye-zero, Ingxolo ephantsi, kunye nezinto ezinokubakho kwiindleko zesondlo esezantsi, Ziyindlela entle ebonakalayo – Abathengi abazibonayo. Nangona ixesha labo kunye nexesha lokutshaja luseziindawo zophuhliso, Ukuhambela phambili okuqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji yebhetri ngokuthe ngcembe ukujongana nezi zinto zixhalabisayo. Kwaye ngelixa ixabiso labo langoku lingaphezulu, Ukudityaniswa kweendlela zentengiso kunye nenkxaso kurhulumente kuyenza zifikeleleke ngakumbi. Njengoko itekhnoloji iyaqhubeka nenkqubela phambili, imoto ecocekileyo yombanes zinokwenzeka ukuba zibe yeyona nto iphambili kwikamva, Ukuguqula indlela esihamba ngayo.